BREAKFAST PRACTICES AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SKIPPING OF BREAKFAST AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM MEDICAL COLLEGE, BAHAWALPUR
Community Medicine Research Project
Name | |
Roll No. | |
University Roll No. | |
Batch | A2 |
Head of Department | Professor Dr. Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi |
Incharge | Dr. Sundas Hamna |
Researchers
Boys | Girls | ||
Roll No. | Name | Roll No. | Name |
225 | Muhammad Saad Jamil | 59 | Iqra Nawaz |
338 | Ajay Kumar Pasi | 102 | Rabia Mueen |
153 | Abdul Qadeer | 3 | Aliza Arif |
256 | Sarmad Imran | 11 | Areeja Batool |
270 | Zain ul Abideen | 24 | Ayesha Mehmood |
212 | Muhammad Huzaifa Awais | 36 | Faiza Mariam |
201 | Muhammad Ahmed Zia | 47 | Hafiza Sadia Waqar |
232 | Muhammad Sheraz | 69 | Laiba Javed |
243 | Muhammad Waqas Sarfraz | 79 | Maryam Ahmad |
365 | Muhammad Ibtisam | 90 | Nafeesa Bibi |
113 | Saba Bashir | ||
Table of Contents
Serial No. | Topics | Page No. |
1 | Supervisor’s Certificate | iv |
2 | Certificate | v |
3 | Dedication | vi |
4 | Acknowledgements | vii |
5 | List of Tables | viii |
6 | List of Figures | ix |
7 | List of Abbreviations | x |
8 | Layout | xi |
9 | Abstract | xii |
10 | Introduction | 1 |
11 | Study Objectives | 3 |
12 | Literature Review | 4 |
13 | Materials and Methods | 6 |
14 | Results | 8 |
15 | Discussion | 12 |
16 | Conclusion | 16 |
17 | Recommendations | 17 |
18 | Tables and Figures | 18 |
19 | References | 27 |
20 | Annexure | 30 |
Supervisor’s Certificate
It is certified that, ____________________________________________, student of 4th year MBBS of session 20_____-20_____, under Class Roll No. ______________ and University Roll No. ________________ has carried out a study on “Breakfast Practices and Factors Associated with Skipping of Breakfast Among Medical Students of QAMC, Bahawalpur” under my supervision and direction.
Signature: _________________________
Dr. Sundas Hamna
(Research Supervsior)
Demonstrator
Department of Community Medicine,
Quaid-e-Azam Medical College,
Bahawalpur.
Certificate
Name of Student:
Signature of Student:
Signature of Supervisor:
Signature of Head of Department:
Signature of Examiner:
Dedication
This research is dedicated to my parents who have supported me all the way through my studies and also, to our worthy Head of Department, Professor Dr. Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi and our respected teachers especially Dr. Sundas Hamnaunder the guidance of whom this research was completed.
Acknowledgements
Professor Dr. Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi, the coach of critical review of the final manuscript, gave the introduction to research methodology and taught us what a research actually is, how it is conducted and what it means to be a researcher.
A respectful gesture of acknowledgment for the invaluable assistance of our mentor, Dr. Sundas Hamna, notwithstanding misconstrue about research, her extensive guidance about scientific research and utilization of time smartly to pursue the goal in a few months. Furthermore, her active and eager attention obviated flaws in our research preventing us from being in extreme tribulation
List of Tables
Serial No. | Title | Page No. |
1 | Frequency of eating breakfast among students of different BMI Groups | 24 |
2 | Reasons for skipping breakfast among day scholars and hostellites | 25 |
3 | Response of the students regarding breakfast intake in different situations | 26 |
List of Figures
Serial No. | Title | Page No. |
1 | Gender wise distribution of students | 18 |
2 | Distribution of students according to residential status | 18 |
3 | Distribution of students according to year of study | 19 |
4 | Distribution of students according to BMI Status | 19 |
5 | Frequency of eating breakfast among the students | 20 |
6 | Frequency of eating breakfast among day scholars and hostellites | 20 |
7 | Distribution of students according to the time of taking breakfast | 21 |
8 | Distribution of students according to food preference | 21 |
9 | Distribution of students according to the reasons for eating breakfast | 22 |
10 | Distribution of students according to the reasons for skipping breakfast | 23 |
List of Abbreviations
Serial No. | Abbreviation | Stands for |
1 | QAMC | Quaid-e-Azam Medical College |
2 | BWP | Bahawalpur |
3 | BMI | Body Mass Index |
Layout
· Abstract
· Introduction
· Literature Review
· Methodology
· Results
· Discussion
· Recommendations
· Conclusions
· Tables and Figures
· References
· Annexure
Abstract
Introduction:
Breakfast is the first meal that a person takes within 2-3 hours of waking up. It plays a vital role in excelling our daily routine activities by enhancing our memory and congnition. Skipping of breakfast is associated with lack of concentration, mental distress, inability to do problem solving tasks , fatigue, laziness and poor academic performance.
Objective :
This study aims to find out the prevalence of breakfast practices and reasons for breakfast skipping among medical students of QAMC BWP with associated factors.
Study Design :
Descriptive type of Cross Sectional study
Study Setting:
This study was carried out among the students of QAMC BWP.
Duration:
The duration of our study was one month i-e from August to September 2022.
Sample Size
Our sample was of 112 students from all the five years of QAMC.
Data Collection:
After taking informed consent from the respondants, data was collected through a preformed questionaire comprising of two sections. Section 1 included the demographic details of the respondants while section 2 was based on a closed ended questions regarding the breakfast practices , preferences and reasons for skipping the breakfast. The questionaire was sent to the respondants via email and the data was collected.
Data Analysis:
Data was encoded and entered into SPSS version 28.0.1. All the interpreted results have been presented in the figures and tabular format .
Results:
Among all the participants, 57.41% students ate breakfast everyday and it was interesting to note that 2.68% didn’t take breakfast at all. 72.32% students skipped breakfast due to the lack of time which is the main factor of skipping. The frequency of having breakfast is higher among day scholars (84.21%) than among the hostilities (51.61%).
Conclusions:
It is concluded that among the medical students of QAMC, prevalence of skipping breakfast is greater in hostilities as compared to DayScholars. It is due to the lack of time, the main factor. Other factors of skipping breakfast included improper sleep schedule, laziness, anorexia, unhealthy life style like eating junk food, late night eating of snacks andsmoking.
Keywords:
Breakfast, Frequency of taking breakfast, Skipping Breakfast, Medical Students, QAMC, Bahawalpur
Introduction
Breakfast is the very first meal that a person takes within 2-3 hours of waking up. It is also considered the most important meal of the day because energy provided by it can’t be replaced by other meals. Our body specially our brain is dependent on breakfast for proper functioning after being in starvation mode since night. It plays a vital role in excelling our daily routine activities by enhancing our memory and cognition.
It also keeps us happier by combating with stress and decreases the risk of cardiac diseases, high arterial pressure and hypercholesterolemia[1].It regulates metabolism of body and lower the risk of adiposity. Many studies have proven that there is a link between breakfast skipping and consumption of large meal portion and snacks in rest of the day[2,3]. Frequency and quality of breakfast affects academic performance of students as skipping of breakfast is also associated with lack of concentration, mental distress, inability to do problem solving tasks, fatigue and laziness[4]. There is an increase evidence that breakfast skipping is directly associated with insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus. Infrequent and frequent breakfast skipping among students is associated with depression, lower happiness, post-traumatic stress disorder, loneliness, sleep disturbance and poor academic performance[5].
Breakfast practices among students vary across the globe as in Saudia, it has proven that 40% of students usually take breakfast after 1-2 lectures while remaining 60% only take lunch. The reasons for skipping breakfast were getting up late, not being hungry enough or not liking the food [6] .According to an international survey it has been observed that the point prevalence of breakfast skipping among medical students of India is 21.3% and period prevalence is 49.2%. Habitual breakfast skippers experience neuroglycopenic effects as compared to non skippers [7]
According to a national survey it has been proven that the medical students usually skip breakfast due to lack of time. Other factors are improper sleep schedule, laziness , anorexia, unhealthy lifestyle like eating junk food, late night eating of snacks and smoking[8]. It has also been proven that Skipping breakfast is more common among students living away from their parents than those living with their parents According to another national research conducted on students of Bahria University of Medical and Dental College habitual breakfast eaters showed high level of alertness, presence of mind, excellence in problem solving skills and taking interest in classroom sessions[9].
This study aims to find out the prevalence of breakfast pratices and breakfast skipping among medical students of QAMC BWP and to investigate the factors associated with skipping of breakfast. This study would help in creating awareness among students regarding the beneficial effects of taking the breakfast and the adverse effects a student can face by its skipping. The purpose of study is to stress upon the importance of breakfast in daily routine activities as it is mandatory for attaining high level of alertness during lectures, excellence in problem solving skills and enhancement of memory and cognition. It will help to encourage the students to adopt healthy dietary habits like taking regular breakfast rich in both macro and micronutrients and to discourage unhealthy dietary routines like midnight taking of snacks and fast food. This study would also help the students to stay protected against obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardio vascular disorders and neuroglycopenic effects caused due to skipping of breakfast.
Objectives of Study
The objective of study was:
· To find out the breakfast practices among medical students of QAMC.
· To find out the factors associated with skipping of breakfast among the medical students of QAMC.
Literature Review
A cross sectional study was conducted in 2013 among university students of 28 countries that showed how breakfast skipping is associated with health risks and mental health. Out of 21,972 students female percentage was 58.4% and male was 41.6% [9]. Skipping increased the likelihood of 11-15 health risks behaviours, all nine poor mental health indicators.
A questionnaire based cross sectional survey was carried out among 100 first and second year medical students of Princess Naura Bint Abdul Rehman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in year 2018. Study showed that among 100 students 50% sometime, 30% often and 20% always took breakfast. When asked for reasons, 40% were taking improper sleep, 30% never felt hungry while 10% did not like the food[5]. Such students showed poor academic performance and changes in emotional behaviour.
Another cross-sectional study was conducted in Chennai, India in year 2019 among 500 college going Students belonging to different socioeconomic statuses and different study departments comprising of 72% females and 28% males. Among those 52.2% students were having breakfast while 47.8% were skipping it. Almost 13.8% of them skipped breakfast for no reason however 12.6% skipped due to waking up late. Study showed that 50.2% study population was having Breakfast every day, 22.8% for 4-6 days per week, 21.6%for 1-2 days and 5.4% never had breakfast[10].
A Cross sectional study was carried out among 382 medical students aged 18 to 24 years, in public sector medical college of Karachi in year 2019. It was questionnaire based study with anthropometric data. Among 382 students 84.4% were taking while 18.6% were skipping breakfast [7]. Skippers included 14.1% males and 85.9%. females. Shortage of time, dietary issues like nausea, vomitting or diarrhoea, no body being available to prepare the breakfast were some of the reasons, however 5.6% of students skipped breakfast with aim to lose weight.
Another study was conducted at King Abdul-Aziz university, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in between January and March of 2019 on eating habits among medical students including 378 undergraduates of age 19-26 years. Questionnaire based study showed around 30.7% had healthy eating habits 50.5% ate meals regularly but only 34.7% had breakfast on daily basis whereas 18.5% had breakfast rarely[11].
A research was conducted among female students of Kanazawa University, Japan in 2019, which confirmed the positive relation between breakfast skipping and menstrual pain. Skippers were found to be more prone to gynaecological disorders and had more incidences of dysmenorrhea. Breakfast skipping effected uterine and ovarian functions[12].
A study was conducted in medical college of Kerala, India in 2020. Total of 122 students were recruited. Students who skipped breakfast upto 4 days in the past 2 weeks were 40.1%. Habitual breakfast skippers had significantly higher neuroglycopenic scores during class hours compared to non skippers [6] .
A cross-sectional survey was carried out among school going students of 35 countries including The West Bank and Gaza strip in Palestine in year 2020. An online questionnaire was provided and a total of 1250 students were invited, out of them only 193 responded. Among them 32% consumed breakfast while 68% were skippers. It was found that, some of them never felt hungry, others had no time or didn’t like to eat early, a few wanted to lose weight. There were some students who had families that skipped breakfast [13].
Materials and Methods
Study Setting:
Study was carried out in Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bahawalpur.
Stduy Duration:
The duration of study was one month (i.e August to September 2022).
Sample Size:
Sample was of 112 students of QAMC Bahawalpur.
Sampling Technique:
Non- Probability convenient sampling
Study Design:
Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.
Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion Criteria:
The students of QAMC Bwp
Exclusion Criteria:
Unwilling respondents.
Data Collection Procedures.
Data was collected through a preformed questionnaire comprising of 02 sections. Section 1 included the demographic details of the respondents while the section 02 was based on closed ended questions regarding the breakfast practices, preferences and reasons for skipping the breakfast. The questionnaire was sent to the respondents via email and the datawas collected.
Data Analysis:
Data was encoded and entered into SPSS version 28.0.1. All the interpreted results have been presented in the figures and tabular format.
Results
Out of 112 students who participated in the survey, 48.21% were females and 52.79% were males (figure 1). Among all participants included in the study, 16.96% were day scholars and 83.04% were hostellites as depicted in figure 2. Moreover, 9.28% were studying in 1st year, 25% in 2nd year, 17.86% in 3rd year, 35.71% in 4th year and 11.61% in final year at the time of data collection (figure 3).
According to the classification of BMI, 20.54% students were found to be underweight with a BMI of less than 18.5, 64.29% students had normal body weight with a BMI falling between 18.5 to 24.99, 12.50% students were pre-obese with a BMI ranging from 25 to 29.99, 2.68% participants were Class I obese with a BMI of 30 to 34.99 (figure 4).
The gender distribution among underweight students revealed that 69.57% were females and 30.43% were males. Among students who had BMI in the normal range, 45.83% were females and 54.17% were males. Among pre-obese students, 29.41% were females and 70.59% were males. Among Class I obese students, all were males.
Among all the participants, 57.41% students ate breakfast every day, 8.04% had breakfast once a week, 5.36% had breakfast once or twice a week, 16.96% had breakfast twice a week, 4.46% had breakfast only on weekdays and 5.36% had breakfast only on the weekends. It was interesting to note that 2.68% did not take breakfast at all as demonstrated in figure 5. The frequency of having breakfast everyday was higher among day scholars (84.21%) than among the hostellites (51.61%) (figure 6).
According to BMI, 17 out of 23 underweight students (73.91%) and 8 out of 14 pre-obese students (57.14%) had their breakfast every day. Moreover, 2 out of 3 Class I obese students (66.67%) had their breakfast twice a week (table 1).
According to the timings of taking breakfast among the students, 30.36% preferred taking their breakfast during their morning routine, 19.64% one hour after waking up, 25% three hours or later after waking up, and 22.32% two hours after waking up (figure 7).
In response to the place students had their breakfast, we observed that 21.43% most often ate their breakfast at home, 45.54% at the college canteen, 3.57% from their hostel mess, 20.54% at hostel canteen, 5.36% in their hostel rooms and 3.57% at a restaurant.
The preferences for food among the students illustrated that, 24.11% had bread/toast/rolls in their breakfast, 1.78% ate cereals with milk, 9.82% ate channay/nehari, 25% ate eggs, 11.61% had fruits/ juice/milk shake/lassi, 47.32% ate paratha/roti/ halwa puri, 7.143% ate samosa, 29.46% took tea/coffee, and 3.571% ate yoghurt. (figure 8)
Among the underweight students 28.57% ate paratha/roti/halwa puri. Among the Class I obese students 40% ate paratha/roti/ halwa puri, 20% ate channay/nehari, 20% ate Samosas, and 20% took tea/coffee.
According to our analysis out of 112 students, 41.07% ate breakfast because they were hungry, 38.39% ate breakfast to boost their energy and strength, 8.929% ate breakfast because they were compelled by their family or friends, 14.29% ate their breakfast because it helped in regulation of blood sugar level, 21.43% ate breakfast because it helped them to improve memory and focus, 6.25% ate breakfast because they liked taking breakfast and 6.25% ate breakfast because someone prepared it for them (figure 9).
Among 112 students, 8.92% never skipped breakfast, 10.71% skipped because of breakfast being unavailable to them, 12.5% skipped because the quality of breakfast was not as good, 72.32% skipped because of lack of time, 3.57% skipped because to avoid gaining weight, 4.46% skipped because they did not want to cook breakfast, 18.75% skipped because they did not feel like eating anything in the morning and 2.679% skipped because they were unable to afford it. (figure 10)
Out of total 19 day scholars, 13 (68.42%) and out of total 93 hostellites, 68 (73.11%) skipped breakfast because they did not have enough time to eat it, 3 dayscholars (15.78%) and 7 hostellites (7.52%) never skipped breakfast. Moreover, 20 hostellites (21.50%) did not feel like taking anything in the morning and 14 hostellites (15.05%) reported that quality of breakfast was not good (table 2).
Among the 112 Students, 91.96% students believed that skipping breakfast is not good for health, 3.57% believed that skipping breakfast is good for health, while 4.46% were unsure.
Out of all students who participated, 26.79% students had little confidence that they could maintain or change their breakfast habits. However, 33.93% were some-what confident. Only 23.21% students were mostly confident, and 16.07% students were very confident that they could change or maintain their breakfast habits.
We observed that 10.94% students reported that they might eat breakfast if someone prepared it for them, 10.94% students said they would not eat breakfast even if someone prepared it for them while 78.13% said they would eat breakfast if someone prepared it for them.
Among the 112 students, 6.35% said they might eat breakfast if their favourite food was being served, 6.35% said they would not eat breakfast even if their favourite food was being served and 87.30% said they would eat breakfast if their favourite food was being served. In response to having breakfast if students had time to eat, 7.58% responded that they might eat breakfast, 10.61% reported they would not eat and 81.82% said they would eat breakfast. Among all the students, 8.62% responded they might eat breakfast if they wanted to gain weight, 60.34% would not eat breakfast even if they wanted to gain weight while 31.03% students said they would eat breakfast if they wanted to gain weight (table 3).
Among total respondents, 15.25% said they might eat breakfast if they were compelled to eat it, 37.29% said they would not eat breakfast even if they were compelled to eat it, and 47.46% said they would eat breakfast if they were compelled to eat it. Among total participants, 9.38% said they might eat breakfast if they were hungry, 4.69% said they would not eat breakfast even if they were hungry, 85.94% said they would eat breakfast if they were hungry (table 3).
Discussion
The study was aimed at finding out the breakfast practices and factors associated with skipping of breakfast in students of Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. It is in the medical schools that most of these students understand and develop healthy lifestyles and eating patterns which they usually follow even after their studies are completed. Breakfast has been described as the ‘most important meal of the day’ and rightfully so as it has been demonstrated to improve brain health and usecognitive power. Thus, the practice of eating breakfast becomes imperative to discuss especially in the context of medical students as breakfast has been considered an important dietary factor for energy regulation and as their field of learning requires more brain power than any other discipline. Since diet has a profound impact on human health, it is also warranted that the type of nutrient consumed should be investigated because an increased intake of high carb food has been reported recently. Inappropriate dietary practices such as skipping breakfast, can lead to negative nutritional outcomes as well as low educational performance among students. Several studies have reported that adult prolonged diseases such as diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis and heart disease can be prevented by the intake of breakfast and skipping breakfast has been linked with different hostile effects on intellectual or rational function which includes memory, psychological function, academic performance[7].
Our study revealed that majority of the students ate breakfast regularly. This finding is in similarity to a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted by Abro et al. among the medical and dental students of Dow University of Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, and Karachi medical and dental college of Karachi[7]. Similar to our results, the prevalence of regular breakfast consumption was higher among 6038 medical students of Inner Mongolia Medical College, China[14]. A similar trend has been observed in the 445 study participants of East West University[15]. The prevalence of students skipping breakfast was low in our study similar to results reported by Abro et al[7].
In a thesis report published by Kamrul Hasan Joy, it was reported that most of the students of East West University ate their breakfast before 10 am, during the early morning hours[15]. This is similar to our observations, as in our study most of the respondents had their first meal with their morning routine. Having breakfast during the early hours is understandable as college life is already a stressful period and factors such as lack of time can pose a barrier to adoption of healthy practices. Thus, having breakfast during their morning routine is more convenient as reported by majority of the participants of the study.
Our study found that most of the underweight students were females (69.57%) whereas among overweight students, percentages of males were higher. Similar results were found in the thesis report by Md. Kamrul Hasan Joy[15]. Out of Class I obese students 66.67% had their breakfast twice a week, which shows the correlation between frequency of breakfast skipping and obesity. Similar finding was seen in a meta-analysis conducted by Edris Ardeshirlarijani et al. in November 28, 2019[2], by Chika Horikawa et al. in August 27, 2011[16] and Egyptian study by Samah Mahmoud Sofar et al.[17] whereas opposite trend was found in a Korean study “Association between Frequency of Breakfast Eating and Obesity in Korean Adolescent” by Jong-Hyuck Kim and Wi-young so[20].
The most common items apparently consumed at breakfast in our study were paratha/roti/ halwa puri (47.32%) and eggs (25%) which contains carbohydrates, fat and protein in decreasing order. Similar results were found in the thesis report by Md. Kamrul Hasan at East West University in January, 2018[15].
Most of the students of our study were found to have their breakfast most often from college canteen (45.54%) followed by having breakfast at home (21.43%) whereas the previous thesis by Md. Kamrul Hasan Joy[15] shows that more students had their breakfast at home (54%) than the college canteen (16%). This difference might be due to maximum participation of hostellites (83.04%) in our study.
According to our study, most of the students ate breakfast because they were hungry (41.07%) and to boost their energy and strength (38.39%) whereas in a study by Amal ALRAYES et al[18] shows that forty percent (40%) of the students have breakfast because they consider it is important and 25% think it provides them better feeling.
Among the factors associated with skipping breakfast majority of the students reported that the major reason for skipping breakfast was due to lack of time. A similar finding of skipping breakfast owing to a shortage of time has been demonstrated among the students of East West University[15] and in another study conducted by Unal et al. in Turkey[19]. Lack of time was also a major reason for skipping breakfast in a study conducted among undergraduate university nursing students in Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt[17]. Moreover, when breakfast practices of undergraduate dental students were studied, 80% reported the same reason for skipping the morning meal. Our findings along with evidence from already published literature suggests that efforts should be made both on part of the individual and the institution to discourage the practice of skipping breakfast. As an individual, one should maintain regular sleeping patterns so that one can have sufficient time to prepare and eat breakfast. On part of the institution, it is recommended that the college canteen should have early opening timings and the college timings should be flexible enough to provide sufficient time to students to properly take their breakfast. Hence, collective efforts should be funneled towards this goal of making the habit of regular breakfast intake common among medical students.
Owing to its cross-sectional design, our study only serves as a snapshot in time and hence it cannot be used to assess trends and patterns of breakfast skipping among medical students. However, it can be used as an indicator to judge whether or not an improvement has been made in the future studies. Nevertheless, our study presents considerable evidence of practice of skipping breakfast among medical students of Quaid-e-Azam Medical College and in our knowledge, this is the first study that assesses the said trends. We present our results in hope that measures are taken to improve the frequency of students who regularly take breakfast not only through adequate awareness of harmful effects that breakfast skipping can have on both mental and physical health but also by improving the quality of food that is served in college canteen and hostel mess. While we believe these limitations have not impacted the primary outcome of the study, future work could seek to do it in a much better and broader way.
Conclusion
In this study it has been observed that the prevalence of skipping breakfast is higher among hostilities than day scholars and the leading factor associated with skipping breakfast is lack of time. Other factors are improper sleep schedule, not being hungry enough, not liking the food and unavailability of breakfast. Moreover, students are also cautious of gaining weight and hence avoid talking breakfast.
Recommendations
· Seminars and workshops should be held in medical institutes to increase the awareness regarding the importance of breakfast.
· Stress should be given upon the benefits of breakfast in daily routine activities as it is mandatory for attaining high level of alertness during lectures, excelling in problem solving skills and enhancement of memory and cognition.
· Targeted interventions are required in medical system to increase breakfast consumption among medical students.
· Proper training should be given to students to adopt healthy life style right from their student days as its the need of hour.
· Quality of food should be improved at hostels and college canteens as not liking the food is also a major factor associated with breakfast skipping.
· Parents should be educated about the benefits of taking breakfast so that they may compel their children to take breakfast.
· Proper schedule for meals should be followed.
Table 1: Frequency of eating breakfast among students of different BMI Groups
|
| BMI Groups | ||||
|
| Underweight | Normal | Pre-Obese | Obese Class I | Total |
Frequency of Eating Breakfast | Everyday | 17 | 39 | 8 | 0 | 64 |
Once a week | 2 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
Once or twice a week | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 9 | |
Twice a week | 1 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 6 | |
Weekdays | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 19 | |
Weekends | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 | |
Never | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 | |
Total | 23 | 72 | 14 | 3 | 112 | |
Table 2: Reasons for skipping breakfast among day scholars and hostellites
|
| Residential Status | ||
|
| Day Scholars | Hostellites | Total |
Reasons for Skipping Breakfast | Can’t afford | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Unavailability of breakfast | 1 | 11 | 12 | |
Quality of breakfast is not good | 0 | 14 | 14 | |
Don’t want to gain weight | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
Don't feel like taking anything in the morning | 1 | 20 | 21 | |
Not enough time | 13 | 68 | 81 | |
Don't want to cook breakfast | 0 | 5 | 5 | |
Never skip breakfast | 3 | 7 | 10 | |
Total | 19 | 93 |
| |
Table 3: Response of the students regarding breakfast intake in different situations
|
| Response | ||
|
| Yes | No | Maybe |
Would the students eat breakfast if : | They were hungry | 55 | 3 | 6 |
They had enough time to eat | 54 | 7 | 5 | |
Someone prepared it for them | 50 | 7 | 7 | |
They were compelled to eat it | 28 | 22 | 9 | |
They wanted to gain weight | 18 | 35 | 5 | |
Their favourite food was being served | 55 | 4 | 4 | |
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Great Article Brother
ReplyDeleteInformative but not a very good topic
ReplyDelete